Whilst it is possible to have a nuclear shelter in a building above ground, it is normally more suitable and cost effective to construct them underground, saving space and allowing the earthworks to contribute to the protection and shielding of the bunker. The thickness will need to be enough to reduce the gamma rays by approximately 1024 times in order to provide protection. The required shielding can be accomplished with various materials including lead, concrete or packed earth, but the thickness required will vary depending on the material. The same Fallout can also occur after an accidental nuclear explosion, not just the result of tactical Nuclear weapons or larger strategic Nuclear missiles which are devastating in their scale and impact.Ī Fallout Shelter is an enclosed space designed to allow people to take shelter and minimise exposure to the harmful fallout until the radioactivity has decayed to a safe level.ĭoor of a public fallout shelter in Switzerland (2014).( CC BY 2.0)Ī fallout shelter includes shielding in its construction to reduce gamma ray exposure. This radioactive material falls to the ground, subjecting anything within the line of sight to radiation, for a considerable period of time.
This radioactive material condenses in the rain and forms dust and a light sandy material which emits alpha and beta particles, as well as gamma rays. The matter absorbs these neutrons, and becomes radioactive.
When a nuclear bomb goes off, matter is vaporised in the fireball produced from the initial explosion and is exposed to Neutrons. A Nuclear bunker not only provides physical protection as an air-raid or bomb shelter would, but also protects from the impact of radioactive debris or ‘Fallout’ as a result of a nuclear explosion.
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